Abstract
The present study focuses on the investigation of fatigue, social support and quality of life that characterizes social workers. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the effect of demographic and occupational characteristics on the above factors. A total of 400 social workers with an average age of 39.05 years took part in the research. Most were women, single, residents of cities of more than 100,000, and health care workers. Participants were asked to answer online questionnaires (FAS for fatigue, MSPSS for social support and GHQ-28 for quality of life). From the analysis of the data, it was found that the level of fatigue of the social workers is at low levels. At the same time, the level of occurrence of negative symptoms is also low, with physical symptoms appearing more often than the rest. Participants receive a high level of support from their environment, and more so from the "significant other" in their life. Finally, it was found that the fatigue, social support and quality of life of social workers is affected by the age of the social workers, the total years of service, gender, marital status, place of residence, employer and position of responsibility.
Author Contributions
Copyright© 2024
Theofilou Paraskevi, et al.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing interests The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Introduction
Fatigue is a multidimensional phenomenon, involving cognitive, emotional and physical aspects. It is a concept that is used every day and refers to the particular feeling of exhaustion, reduced mental and physical capacity in relation to the usual level. Other terms are also found in the literature, such as fatigue, lack of energy and exhaustion According to the Health Safety Executive Complaints of fatigue in the general population are common, ranging from 18.3 to 27% Social support is a multidimensional concept for which there is difficulty in assigning a commonly accepted definition. It refers to the different aspects of social relations, which creates difficulties in its operationalization and measurement According to Papakonstantinou and Papadopoulos It is also worth mentioning that social support is able to function as a factor in normalizing negative life events and preventing diseases Quality of life is still a multidimensional phenomenon, characterized by rich content. It refers to the degree to which a person is well-being as well as the meaning that the person attributes to the important aspects of his life McAbee et al. Research that has focused on social workers concludes that workload, low wages, limited resources, time constraints and deadlines, conflicts in the work environment, ethical dilemmas, and the way the structure in which individuals work is organized are some of the factors related to the manifestation of their fatigue Wright and Hobfoll Peterson et al. Thompson et al. Studies show that gender is a predictor of fatigue. Studies by Grau et al., Studies focus on the importance of age in burnout. Specifically, Gold Maslach and Jackson The present study focuses on the investigation of fatigue, social support and quality of life that characterizes social workers. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the effect of demographic and occupational characteristics on the above factors. Based on the specific objectives, the research questions are formulated as follows: To what extent do social workers experience fatigue? To what extent do social workers receive social support from those around them? At what level is the quality of life of social workers? Do demographic as well as occupational characteristics influence social workers' fatigue, social support and quality of life?
Results
In the section that follows, the results of the research are studied, while the research questions raised are also investigated. In In Through In Next, the staff category to which the respondents belong is investigated.22.8% state that they work in the health sector, 20.1% in local government and 16.8% in the education sector.14% belong to those who work in community centers, 9.3% chose the answer "Other" and 8.8% report that they work in non-governmental governments.7% report that they work in child protection and 1.3% in the justice sector. The above are analyzed in In In In Next, the FAS score created from the average of the 10 statements related to the respondents' fatigue is presented. The variables as well as the score accept values from 1 to 5, with an increase in the average, being identified with an increase in the level of fatigue of the respondents. It is observed that the minimum value of the variable is equal to 1 and the maximum to 4.44, while the average value reaches 2.30.Therefore, it seems that the level of fatigue of the respondents is low. TheGHQ scores of the subscales are made up of the average of 7 statements each, while the total score is made up of the average of 28 statements. In addition, all statements and scores receive values from 1 to 4, with higher means indicating a higher level of symptom occurrence. It seems that the level of physical symptoms (2.18) is below average, although it is the highest. This is followed by the level of anxiety and insomnia (2.06), the level of social dysfunction (1.92), while the level of depressive symptoms is particularly low (1.26). Finally, the overall level of symptoms (1.86) is judged to be below average. The MSPSS scores are made up of the average of 4 statements, with the total score made up of the average of all 12 statements of the scale. In addition, all scores accept values from 1 to 7, with an increase in the average value being identified with an increase in the support received by the respondents. It seems that at a higher above average level, support from "significant other" (5.79) is ranked, followed by support from friends (5.57) and lastly is support from family (5.44). Finally, the overall level of support is also high (5.60). Then, the Mann-Whitney test was used to show the influence of gender on the research scores. It is evident that women show a higher level of physical symptoms, social dysfunction and overall level of symptoms. In addition, women show a higher level of support from the "significant other", family and friends, as well as a higher overall level of support from the environment, compared to men Regarding the variable of marital status, it is observed that widowers show the highest level of fatigue and divorced people the highest level of depressive symptoms and total level of symptoms. At the same time, it is clear that the married participants receive a higher level of support from the "significant other", family and friends, and the level of support from the social environment as a whole is higher than the rest of the respondents At the same time, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to show whether the staff category to which the respondents belong affects the scores of the scales and subscales. Two statistically significant differences emerge. It is observed that those who work in non-governmental organizations present a higher level of physical symptoms and overall level of symptoms (GHQ-28 Overall score), compared to the rest of the sample (p<0,05). Continuing, the Mann-Whitney test was also used to highlight possible statistically significant differences as to whether the respondents have a position of responsibility in the company in which they work. A total of 3 statistically significant differences are presented. In more detail, it is evident that respondents with a position of responsibility present a higher level of physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia and overall level of symptoms (p<0,05). Finally, it seems that the place of residence does not affect the survey scores in a statistically significant way.
N
Valid
385
Missing
15
Mean
39,0519
Std. Deviation
8,84869
Minimum
23,00
Maximum
60,00
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Female
355
88,8
89,4
89,4
Male
42
10,5
10,6
100,0
Total
397
99,3
100,0
Missing
System
3
,8
Total
400
100,0
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Single
175
43,8
43,9
43,9
Married
201
50,2
50,4
94,2
Divorced
21
5,3
5,3
99,5
Widower
2
,5
,5
100,0
Total
399
99,8
100,0
Missing
System
1
,3
Total
400
100,0
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
City (over 100,000 inhabitants)
203
50,7
50,9
50,9
City (lessthan 100,000 inhabitants)
133
33,3
33,3
84,2
Town (from 2,000 to 10,000 inhabitants)
41
10,3
10,3
94,5
Village (lessthan 2,000 inhabitants)
22
5,5
5,5
100,0
Total
399
99,8
100,0
Missing
System
1
,3
Total
400
100,0
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Local Government (Municipalities-Regions-Structures to combat poverty)
80
20,0
20,1
20,1
Community Centers-Home Help-Roma
56
14,0
14,0
34,1
Health (First – Second – Third – Mental Health – Addictions)
91
22,8
22,8
56,9
Education
67
16,8
16,8
73,7
Child Protection
28
7,0
7,0
80,7
Justice
5
1,3
1,3
82,0
Non-governmental organisations
35
8,8
8,8
90,7
Other
37
9,3
9,3
100,0
Total
399
99,8
100,0
Missing
System
1
,3
Total
400
100,0
N
Valid
396
Missing
4
Mean
11,7854
Std. Deviation
8,53482
Minimum
,50
Maximum
38,00
N
Valid
398
Missing
2
Mean
35,2550
Std. Deviation
10,08383
Minimum
,00
Maximum
75,00
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Yes
193
48,3
48,5
48,5
No
205
51,2
51,5
100,0
Total
398
99,5
100,0
Missing
System
2
,5
Total
400
100,0
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
FAS-Fatigue
6589.500
7492.500
-1.232
0.218
GHQ-28 Physical symptoms
5151.000
6054.000
-3.285
0.001
GHQ-28 Anxiety/insomnia
6690.000
7593.000
-1.090
0.276
GHQ-28 Social dysfunction
5298.500
6201.500
-3.086
0.002
GHQ-28Severe depression
7093.500
7996.500
-0.540
0.589
GHQ-28 Overall score
5678.500
6581.500
-2.527
0.011
MSPSS Significant others
5136.000
6039.000
-3.339
0.001
MSPSS Family
5861.000
6764.000
-2.281
0.023
MSPSS Friends
6064.500
6967.500
-1.990
0.047
MSPSS Overall score
5650.500
6553.500
-2.569
0.010
Kruskal-Wallis H
df
Asymp. Sig.
FAS-Fatigue
17.404
3
0.001
GHQ-28 Physical symptoms
5.296
3
0.151
GHQ-28 Anxiety/insomnia
4.245
3
0.236
GHQ-28 Social dysfunction
5.048
3
0.168
GHQ-28 Severe depression
13.026
3
0.005
GHQ-28 Overall score
8.236
3
0.041
MSPSS Significant others
18.294
3
0.000
MSPSS Family
29.418
3
0.000
MSPSS Friends
9.272
3
0.026
MSPSS Overall score
20.428
3
0.000
Discussion
The present study focused on the investigation of fatigue, social support and quality of life that characterizes social workers. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the effect of demographic and occupational characteristics on the above factors. Based on the specific objectives, the research questions formulated were the following: To what extent do social workers experience fatigue? To what extent do social workers receive social support from those around them? At what level is the quality of life of social workers? Do demographic and occupational characteristics characteristics influence social workers' fatigue, social support and quality of life? In particular, investigating the first research question, it was shown that the level of fatigue of the respondents is considered low. It is worth mentioning that there are no corresponding previous researches in our country, so that a comparison can be made between their results. However, taking into account the data from research conducted abroad, we find that there is no agreement between these researches and the specific finding of the present research. More specifically, Johnson At the same time, the level of occurrence of negative symptoms is also low, with physical symptoms appearing more often than the rest, as can be seen in the second research question. This finding is in agreement with Davies Recent research by Hollederer In the third research question it became clear that the participants receive a high level of support from their surroundings, and more so from the "significant other" in their lives. Analyzing the relationships between the main scales of the research, it was observed that the increase in fatigue is identified with the increase in the level of occurrence of all symptoms, as well as the total level of occurrence of symptoms. Accordingly, the higher the level of fatigue, the less support participants seem to receive from their surroundings. This is not surprising as social support is a crucial factor in the context of mental health. In addition, it became clear that as the level at which respondents receive support from their environment increases, the level at which they present any symptom, as well as the overall level of symptom occurrence, decreases. The only exception observed is between the level of social dysfunction and the level of support from friends, variables which do not show any statistically significant interaction. It is worth mentioning that these findings agree with earlier research. More specifically, Håvard Qiao In the fourth research question, the influence of demographic variables on the scales and subscales of the survey was studied. More in detail, it became clear that increasing the age of social workers leads to a decrease in the level of physical symptoms, social dysfunction, overall level of symptoms, support from the "significant other", support from friends and overall support. At the same time, an increase in total years of service is associated with a decrease in the level of social dysfunction, support from "significant other", support from friends, and overall level of support from the environment as a whole. Continuing, it was observed that female social workers are characterized by a higher level of physical symptoms, social dysfunction and overall level of symptoms, compared to men. They also receive a higher level of support from their significant other, family and friends, and show a higher overall level of support from the environment. Previous studies prove that gender is a predictor of fatigue. Studies by Grau et al. Studies focus on the importance of age in burnout. Specifically, Gold Continuing with the fourth research question, it was observed that widowed social workers are characterized by a higher level of fatigue and married ones by a higher level of support from the "significant other", family and friends and a higher level of support from the social environment in total. Accordingly, those who are divorced show a higher level of depressive symptoms and overall level of symptoms. In a study by Bargal and Guterman Regarding the place of residence, it became clear that it does not affect any scale or subscale in a statistically significant way, while workers in non-governmental organizations present a higher level of physical symptoms and overall level of symptoms, compared to the rest of the social workers. Finally, it is observed that those with a position of responsibility present a higher level of physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia and overall level of symptoms. In the research of Gomez-Garcia et al. The current study presents some limitations. The participation of not so large number of professionals is its disadvantage. Moreover, in future studies, apart from demographic and occupational features, other variables could also be studied to see if they can affect fatigue and quality of life, such as personality traits, psychosocial factors of the workplace, working climate or working conditions.
Conclusion
Fatigue can be combated by enhancing endurance. Resilience is a fundamental skill in social work practice and enables individuals to recover from stress despite the difficulties they face. It allows them to maintain their physical, mental and emotional well-being in stressful situations. Gaining resilience helps social workers demonstrate more self-compassion. To be resilient, social workers must practice self-care, a concept with which social workers are familiar, as they encourage their patients to set boundaries, adopt regular routines of healthy eating, sleep, and physical activity, and maintain work-life balance.