This study was a community-based cross-sectional observational study aimed at assessing the vulnerability of slum children aged 2-6 years to unintentional injuries in urban slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Study area included urban slums within Bhubaneswar city, under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC). The study period was for two years from June 2022 to July 2024.

Using the prevalence of unintentional childhood injuries as 24% (Kn et.al in Saudi Arabia 9) and absolute precision as 5% with level of confidence as 95% and power of the study as 80%, using the formula {Z² x (p x q) / d²}, where Z= 1.96, p = 24%, q = (1-p) and d = 5%; sample size was estimated approximately to be 280. A design effect of 1 was applied and no adjustments were made with regards to non- response or heterogeneity as the given population was already difficult to get. Moreover, the caregiver's response to the study was very proactive and supportive, as they perceived this to be of great utility to ensure the safety of their children of this age group. Hence, non response was minimal in this study.

Two stage sampling technique was adopted for the selection of slums and study population. Stratified sampling was used for slum selection: A list of all the slums under the 3 zones of Bhubaneswar (North, Southwest and Southeast) was obtained from the BMC. To get equal representation from each strata, as per the calculated sample size, 95-100 children were to be taken from each strata. 4 slums from each zone/strata are selected randomly by lottery method. A list of all the children from 2-6 years were collected from the nearest Anganwadi Centre/worker and to achieve a sample of 100, at least 33- 34 children were needed from each slum.

Consecutive sampling was used according to the list to achieve sample size in study population. After obtaining data from Anganwadi workers, the first household was approached through consecutive sampling following door to door procedure.

The primary care giver of the study population (which in most cases was the mother) was approached as per the list consecutively till 33-34 children were available and care giver willing to participate and who gave consent. In case sample were not achieved in any 1 slum, extra was taken from the other selected slum. The study population comprised of pre-school children (2-6 years) who were available at the time of the survey to enable a physical verification of details and anthropometry check, regardless of their gender. The respondents were mothers/primary caregivers >18 years of age who gave written informed consent. Single child from each household was included. In case there were more than 1 eligible participant, the younger child was included in the study. An injury that happened in the last 3 months which warranted a long duration of treatment and care, leading to pain and restriction of activities of daily living was included in the study. If more than 1 episode of injury were reported, then the severe form of injury was considered for study.

Subjects who were not available even after 2 home visits, the mother absent/dead and the primary caregiver was less than 18 years, if either the respondent or the child was a known case of mental illness irrespective of the treatment status, children with congenital anomalies and any child with a medico-legal case of injury (intentional) or very severe form of injury that led to prolonged hospitalization, disability, loss of life were excluded from the study.

Study tool: The study employed a semi-structured, pre-tested, pre-designed, and interviewer-administered questionnaire in English language. A language consultant and a second expert, unaffiliated with the study, translated the learning tool into Odia and then back-translated to English for greater comprehension by the study participants and accuracy of the information gathered. Three subject matter experts verified the study tool. The Sikharchandi slum, which is close to the medical institution, was then chosen for pilot testing. After the pilot research, the required changes were made to extract relevant data related to the study. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were included.

The questionnaire was divided into the following sections: Social and demographic data (included socio-demographic details like age, religion, caste, marital status, family type, the respondent's and her spouse's level of education, their occupations, the family's monthly income and expenses) and History with details of the injury. The mother's knowledge regarding immediate care that should be given after common injuries was compared to the prescribed standards to know the treatment gap, which was expressed in percentages.

Table 1 represents the details the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents wherein mothers were the primary respondents (82.1%), with maximum of respondents 72.9% being 21-30 years old. Around 81.4% were Hindus and 13.9% were Muslims. There was a near equal representation of general and other castes (51% vs 49%) in the study population. More than half of the families were of nuclear type, and 44.3% of families had more than 4 family members.

In terms of economic parameters only 4.6% reported a net family income of less than Rs. 10,000. Majority (56.4%) of the respondents were homemakers and amongst the fathers, only 22.1% were engaged in any skilled profession. Illiteracy rate among fathers was less as compared to mothers (8.2% vs 18.6%)

Table 2 gives the association of the occurrence of an unintentional injury to the sociodemographic variables considered in the study. The incidence of the injury among this age group is high when the child is aged 2-4 years (74.2%), when the father is engaged in unskilled labour (51.5%), high even when the mother is a housewife (57.1%), and higher when both parents are educated. None of these variables are statistically significant, which warrants further studies with larger samples. As there is no variations in gender and also type of family regarding reporting an injury, it very much hints that there is a greater likelihood that the microenvironment i.e. living conditions and social behaviour of the child cause the injury, rather than the care rendering factors. The most common injury type reported were skin lacerations or tears, with a substantial number of 122(58.21%) among the children (Figure 1). Burns were the second most frequently reported injures followed by bites, fractures and foreign body ingestion. The most common locations for injuries were playgrounds or farms, accounting for 41% (Figure 2). This was closely followed by injuries that happened at home, whether by oneself, a neighbour, or a relative, which made up 36% of the cases and 20% of injuries occurred outside the home or residential premises. Majority of the unintentional injuries were sustained in upper limbs and lower limbs, with 41% and 28% of the documented cases respectively

Table 3 clearly shows the knowledge gap among the care givers about the initial steps to be undertaken at the time of common injuries that occur in this age group. The gap was worse for injuries like foreign body ingestion and being stuck by lightning. The study site was a plains terrain, drowning was uncommon and information was poor among caregivers regarding the maintenance care, but interestingly, this knowledge was better among caregivers of children who did not report an injury, which also can suggest that it protected the children from such exposures. 50.9% had knowledge of how to manage dog bites, which is a common menance in the city and 50% of those who reported falls could say what immediate care is essential. (Figure 3)

This study assessed the burden and patterns of unintentional injuries among children aged 2-6 years in urban slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Most mothers (primary respondents) were aged 20-30 years, Hindu, and part of nuclear families. Among the children, 54.64% were males and 45.36% were females. Similar results were seen in a study done in rural block of Tamil Nadu in which 51.2% were males and 48.8% were females. 10Illiteracy among fathers was much less as compared to mothers where around 18.6% were illiterate, however, the level of education was limited as no one was educated beyond high school. Parental education significantly impacts injury prevention. Higher educational levels are associated with better knowledge and practices regarding child safety. However, the education of either of the spouses was found to be insignificant with regards to reporting of an injury. Around 16.6% of unintentional injuries were reported in children of illiterate mothers {p=0.596} which was not found to be statistically significant A study by Pomerantz et al. (2007) found that educated parents are more likely to engage in proactive injury prevention behaviors.11

There was no statistical significance found which may be due to fact that small sample size used in the study but there were some variations found in the study. In educational status, it was seen that those who had high school and above level of education showed similar response with respect to reporting and non-reporting of injuries as they were more in number. Although the study was conducted in urban slums, where people were staying in compromised living conditions, the literacy rate among this population (including women) was good. Higher literacy rates may be the cause behind higher reporting of injuries irrespective of the magnitude of damage of injury.

The reporting of injuries in the case of unemployed respondents or homemakers were high because they stay at home and take care of their children which is not possible in case of working respondents, as they may be unaware of any day-to-day incidents. The maximum number of injuries were seen in the age group of 2-4 year age group, though this was not statistically significant as the study population was limited to a small sample which needs more exploration, along with time and budget.

163 (58.21%) of the 280 children in the 2-6 year age group in this study suffered unintentional injuries. This was comparable to the results of Mahalakshmy T et al., who discovered that the prevalence of injuries among children aged 1-4 and 5-14 years was 15.2% and 24.5%, respectively 12. In a study of 1613 children under the age of 14, conducted in rural Puducherry, South India, the injury rate was 23.0%13. The disparity in the incidence may be due to difference in local factors in each of the study setting and the demographic variations among the study populations. Since this is self-reported and the study was done in the field practice area of tertiary care hospital, may be there the people had easy access to health services and the response and awareness to report small injuries were high. Normally studies done addressed injuries in higher age groups, or were done in rural areas, as a hypothesis that these injuries are high in rural areas. No studies have been done in urban slums, where living conditions are conducive to injuries among the children, especially in the age group of 2-6 years.

The most common injury type reported were skin lacerations or tears, with a substantial number of 122(58.21%). Burns were the second most frequently reported injures followed by bites, fractures and foreign body ingestion. The stark contrast between the high number of injuries sustained in the skin as compared to the other types of injuries in the sampled population might be due to the fact that in slums, the roads are clumsy, ill maintained and with open manholes (at certain sites) that increases the risk of exposure of the pre-school children while playing outside the house or on the roads; particularly resulting in skin injuries. Improvement in the outside environment, thereby making safe playing areas for children can curb these types of injuries.

A study conducted by Singh J et al. estimated the rate of rabies from animal bites at 80 per 100,000 populations. This rate was drastically higher for 5-14 years old children, with bites from stray dogs accounting for 90% of documented cases 14, and this study too hinted at similar results. Study done to look at the profile of accidents in children less than five years of age belonging to a rural community in Belgaum district reported abrasions (72.6%) and lacerations (11.8%) as the most common type of injury.15

(Figure 2) The most common location for injuries was found to be playgrounds or farms, accounting for 41%. This was closely followed by injuries that happened at home, whether by oneself, a neighbour, or a relative, which made up 36% of the cases. The third most frequent location for injuries was the outside environment, which constituted 20%; the least common location was the Anganwadi Centres (AWC), contributing only 3% of the reported injuries. The above-represented data indicates that playgrounds or farms and homes are the primary settings where injuries occur, collectively accounting for over three-quarters of all reported cases. This suggests that preventive strategies should be focused on these environments to effectively reduce the overall incidence of injuries. The relatively low frequency of injuries at AWCs indicates that these centers might have effective safety measures in place and also the vigil by the workers, helps in safety of the attendees. Studies done in India16, Nigeria17 and Egypt18 have reported a significant proportion of burns occurring at home especially in children. This might be because of the practices like cooking in the living area, cooking at the ground level etc and since younger children spend more time at home and they are the ones who need utmost supervision and care. It might also be a reflection of inability to supervise the children optimally.

A tertiary care hospital based study in New Delhi, India, by Verma et al. reported that home was the most common place of injury (60.8%), followed by streets/highways (16.8%), park/playground (16.4%) and school (3.5%) 19

Global childhood unintentional injury surveillance in four cities in developing countries: a pilot study in Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt and Pakistan also showed that majority of the injuries occurred in and around the home environment (56%). These findings are somewhat similar to the findings of the present study.20

The developmental processes taking place in children, which have an effect on their ability to make judgments in the road environment, are closely related to age 6.

The majority of the unintentional injuries were sustained in upper limbs and lower limbs, with 41% and 28% of the documented cases respectively. A hospital-based study done among children presented with injuries in North Kerala also reported the head (49%) and lower legs (45%) as the most common body parts involved in injury.21 These findings align with the findings of the present study.

Table 3 shows the number (in percentages) of correct responses regarding primary essential care that should be given in case of various types of injuries, that have been considered in this study. In both the groups, the knowledge response was nearly 50% or much less, which means that this care giver population as a whole had poor knowledge of how to handle or offer primary care in case of these injuries. Generically the entire population needs primary education as to what are the essential preventive steps if this kind of injuries happens.

Highest correct response regarding knowledge of injury was seen in case a child falls down and had concussion or bleeding (50.9%) among caregivers those whose children had injury and 55% amongst those whose children did not have, the current findings can be comparable to the findings from the Karnataka study done by kumar et al. in 2021,indicating similar levels of knowledge i.e (50% for children with injury and 55.3% for children without injury) 21and poorest response was noted in case of foreign body ingestion. and lightening to be 25.2% and 21.5% in respondents whose children who had injuries, and 17.5% & 17.4% amongst those who did not have ,even though this incidence were very common in this age group and death might be eminent if immediate precautionary measures are not immediately taken. A similar study done in Andhra Pradesh by Reddy, k, et al. in 2016 found that 19% of caregivers knew how to handle foreign body ingestion.22 In other cases, the correct responses varied from 25.2% to 50% in both groups.

While conducting the survey, we came to know about 1 death was reported in the study age group, because of foreign body ingestion which was excluded under our exclusion criteria. In general, the caregiver's information about the primary steps on how to deal with injuries is highly insufficient.

The study has brought about a much preventable cause of morbidity and stress among an age group i.e. 2- 6 years, in an area, where caregivers need information as well as amenities to address the problem of injuries. NGO or CBOs working for child health as well as ward members of slum areas can be stakeholders in child safety and help building up a livable and injury free environment for the children.